KJ 3056:
Kjemiske og biologiske sensorer
Chemical Sensors and Biosensors
I. Electrochemical
sensors
II. Biosensing
- Some General Aspects
III. Fiber-Optic
Chemical Sensors
IV Microgravimetric
Piezoelectric Sensors (The Quartz Crystal Microbalance)
V. Solid-state
Gas Sensors
A. Potentiometric sensors
A.1. Membranes for potentiometric sensors
A.2. Properties of ion-selective membranes
A.3. The glass electrode as a pH sensor
1.Composition and structure of glass membrane
2.Hygroscopicity of glass membrane
3.Membrane potential
4.Main characteristics of the glass electrode as a pH
sensor
5.Glass membrane sensors for other cation
A.4. Crystalline membrane electrodes as ion sensors
1.Monocristalline membranes: the Fluoride sensor
2.Polycristallyne membranes: cation- and anion sensors
3.Liquid membrane electrodes
Liquid
ion-exchanger membranes:sensors for alkali-earth metal ions; anion sensors
Macrocyclic compound-based ion sensor: sensors for alkali metal ions
A.5. Potentiometric gas sensors
A.6. Potentiometric enzymatic sensors
A.7. High-temperature potentiometric sensors
B. Semiconductor devices as chemical sensors
B.1. Semiconductors and electronic semiconductor devices
1.Properties of Silicon and Germanium semiconductors
2.Semiconductor diodes (the pn junction and electrical
conduction for a semiconductor diode)
3.Field effect transistors (FET)
B.2. Ion-selective field-effect transistors (ISFET)
1.Structure of ISFET
2.Polymer membranes for ISFET
3.Heterogeneous membranes
4.Solid state membranes
5.Multiple function ISFET
6.Reference FET
B.3. Gas sensitive FET
B.4. Enzyme-based FET sensors
B.5. Electronic devices for the operation of the FET chemical sensor.
C. Amperometric sensors
C.1. Oxygen sensor
C.2. Enzyme-based voltammetric sensors.
1. Oxygen-based sensors
2. Mediator-based sensor
II. Biosensing - Some General Aspects
Introduction: biological recognition
A. Enzymes as reagents for chemical sensors
1.Proteins structure and properties
2.Recognition by enzymes
3.Kinetics of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Applications
for substrate or inhibitor determination.
B. Immunological Analysis
1.The proteins of the Immune System
2.Antibodies in Assays
3.Monoclonal Antibodies in Immunoassay
C. Biomolecule Immobilization in Sensor Technology
1.Covalent bonding to a functionalized support
2.Crosslinking with bifunctional agents
3.Physical adsorption at solid interfaces
4.Entrapment in polymer matrices
5.Properties of immobilized enzymes
III. Fiber-Optic Chemical Sensors
Introduction
A. The optical fiber
1.Structure and mechanism of light transmission through
the optical fiber
2.Mechanism of light interaction with the sensing part.
Extrinsic and intrinsic sensors
B. Remote analysis by means of optical fibers
C. Transduction processes in fiber-optic sensors
C.1. Introduction
C.2. Transduction processes
1.Absorption spectrometry
2.Reflectance spectrometry
3.Luminiscence spectrometry
Luminiscence intensity as a concentration
function
Quenching of luminiscence
Life-time measurement
Energy transfer
Raman spectrometry
C.3. Instrumentation for fiber-optic chemical sensors
D. Theory of the linear reversible sensor
1.Theory of the direct sensor
2.Theory of the indirect sensor
E. Examples of fiber-optic chemical sensors
pH sensors
Metal ion sensors
Gas sensors
Fiber-optic biosensors
IV. Microgravimetric Piezoelectric Sensors (The Quartz Crystal Microbalance)
A. The piezoelectric effect
A.1. Electrical charge separation in the piezoelectric crystal
A.2. Molecular theory of the piezoelectric effect
A.3. Piezoelectric resonator
B. Analytical applications
B1. Frequency-mass relationship for the piezoelectric resonator
B.2. Main kinds of piezoelectric sensors:
Gas and vapours sensors
Immuno-chemical sensors
B.3. The quartz crystal microbalance as a biosensor
Applications in Biochemistry
Applications in environment monitoring
Applications in food analysis
A. Resistive sensors (chemoresistors)
Principles
Metal oxide gas sensors
chemoresistors based on organic semiconductors
B. Capacitive gas sensors (chemocapacitors)